In United States v. In the case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (decided in 1923), Thind, who had immigrated to the U.S. in 1913 to attend UC-Berkeley and fought in the U.S. Army in World War I, also claimed the . Ozawa lost because the Court ruled that he could not be considered white by any accepted scientific measure. five letter words with l; jaiswal surname caste; pros and cons of herzberg theory; sechrest funeral home obituaries; curious george stuffed animal 1975; cornerstone staffing application 0 $ 0.00; The intention was to confer the privilege of citizenship upon hat class of persons whom the fathers knew as white, and to deny it to all who could not be so classified. Both cases presented their own social beliefs about races. Thind on the other hand was, the genetic definition of Caucasian, denied for not . Most people perceive race as only the color of ones skin; many people do not consider that being racial is not really about how a person looks but in essence it is about the how the society views different races and the opportunities and privileges associated with each race. Instead, the granting of citizenship was solely based on the whether Ozawa and Thind were identified as both white and Caucasian, despite the contradictory claims the courts had made. Download File. They were not able to establish a certain idea to go off of to determine the differences that prevented one from gaining citizenship. this case: Was settlement the desired outcome in a case of such high social significance, or should the case have gone to trial and perhaps to a higher court for a definitive adjudication? Bhagat Singh Thind, the court contradicted itself by concluding that Asian Indians were not legally white, even though science classified them as Caucasian. The succeeding years brought immigrants fromEastern, Southern and Middle Europe, among them the Slavs and the dark-eyed, swarthy people of Alpine and Mediterranean stock, and these were received as unquestionably akin to those already here and readily amalgamated with them. Part II will examine the Ozawa and Thind rulings and demonstrate how they failed to signal the triumph of a common-knowledge standard. As the paper is considered a living statement, AAA members', other anthropologists', and public comments are invited. MyCase is available in almost every type of case. issue of who could and could not become a naturalized U.S. citizen through US Supreme Court decisions in the cases of Takao Ozawa and Bhagat Thind. Ozawa raised his family as an assimilationist adhering to white mores and was denied for not being caucasian. Korematsu v. United States, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on December 18, 1944, upheld (6-3) the conviction of Fred Korematsua son of Japanese immigrants who was born in Oakland, Californiafor having violated an exclusion order requiring him to submit to forced relocation during World War II. And Ozawa, having been born in Japan, was "clearly not a Caucasian." Further . U.S. Supreme Court cases - Ozawa v. U.S. (1922) and . In 1922, Ozawa v. United States showcased Takao Ozawa, a Japanese man who was born in Japan but resided in the United States for 20 years, claiming that Japanese people were "free White persons" and thus, should be eligible for naturalization. A year later, Bhagat Singh Thind petitioned for US citizenship arguing that as the descendant of Aryan people, he was a member of the Caucasian race . He was well educated, having gone through schooling in the U. why did severide and brittany break up; ozawa and thind cases outcome; 29 Jun 22; ricotta cheese factory in melbourne; ozawa and thind cases outcomeis sonny barger still alive in 2020 Category: . Readings include selected chapters in Lopez's White By Law, Ngai's Impossible Subjects and the Supreme Court's Wong Kim Ark, Ozawa and Thind decisions. the two changes which the committee has recommended in the principles controlling in naturalization matters and which are embodied in the bill submitted herewith are as follows: first, the requirement that before an alien can be naturalized he must be able to read, either in his own language or in the english language and to speak or understand Outcomes for Indians at Large After Thind's Supreme Court cases, naturalization of Asian Indians . See also Statement on "Race" and Intelligence. Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922); United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 . this case: Was settlement the desired outcome in a case of such high social significance, or should the case have gone to trial and perhaps to a higher court for a definitive adjudication? Ozawa lost because the Court ruled that he could not be considered white by any accepted scientific measure. Ozawa's petition for citizenship was denied on the basis of him being "white" but not "Caucasian" while Thind's was denied for the reverse, his race being . Like Thind, Ozawa also lost his case in an unanimous decision, because, as Justice George Sutherland concluded: "the term 'white person' is confined to persons of the Caucasian Race." issue of who could and could not become a naturalized U.S. citizen through US Supreme Court decisions in the cases of Takao Ozawa and Bhagat Thind. This law is limited to citizenship , any alien free white person who lived within limits View the full answer Here are 10 of the most astonishingly racist Supreme Court rulings in American history, in chronological order. Only three months after Ozawa, the Court took up the case of Bhagat Singh Thind, a South Asian immigrant and U.S. Army veteran, who petitioned for citizenship on the grounds that Indians were of. In the case titled United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Bhagat Singh Thind was denied citizenship as well. Although its not certain that the framers were intentionally excluding all African Americans and Asians, it is believed that the framers thought to only include all free white persons to avoid other races from invading the land to which the framers believed it to only belong to: free white persons. The findings indicate achieving a collective oppressed identity was necessary to mobilize in thick solidarity with the BLM . Readings include selected chapters in Lopez's White By Law, Ngai's Impossible Subjects and the Supreme Court's Wong Kim Ark, Ozawa and Thind decisions. 8 The court stated that because Japanese immigrants were not Caucasian, they could not be white. Racism is a word that is widely used and yet often carries many different meanings depending on who is using it. O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England. Korematsu v. United States, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on December 18, 1944, upheld (6-3) the conviction of Fred Korematsua son of Japanese immigrants who was born in Oakland, Californiafor having violated an exclusion order requiring him to submit to forced relocation during World War II. Syllabus. And Ozawa, having been born in Japan, was "clearly not a Caucasian." ozawa and thind cases outcomei miss you text art copy and paste. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: Similarities Between Ozawa And Thind Essay, men who had perceived themselves as being white, applied for citizenship, they were denied on the classification that they were neither white or caucasian, well educated, having gone through schooling in the U, United States, Ozawa was denied citizenship on the sole basis that he was white, however, Ozawa did not meet the requirements of being scientifically caucasian, United States, science was paired with common knowledge to deny Ozawa of citizenship, case, the court decided to not factor in the role of science when determining the result of Thinds race, persons now possessing in common the requisite characteristics, not to groups of persons who are supposed to be or really are descended from some remote, common ancestor Contradicting the points made in the cases, this idea states that no individuals race can be based off their ancestral relationships, United States, to determine whether citizenship should be granted, Essay on Similarities Between To Kill A Mockingbird And The Boy In The Striped Pajamas, Similarities in Kafkas Metamorphosis and The Trial, The Differences and Similarities of Pneumonia and Tuberculosis, Intensional or Accidentall? Racial identity is the perception one forms of him or herself based on the racial group they most identify with. Outcomes for Indians at Large After Thind's Supreme Court cases, naturalization of Asian Indians . S Army, prior to the ending of World War I. Contradicting the logic behind its ruling in Ozawa v. U.S., the Supreme Court found that Bhagat Singh Thind was also ineligible for View the full answer Transcribed image text : Describe the two Supreme Court cases regarding Asian Immigration: Ozawa v. Sanford, [1] Ozawa v. United States, [2] United States v. Thind, [3] and Buck v. Bell [4] reflect implicit and explicit racial assumptions tied to biological and genetic presumptions and stereotypes. Part III will then analyze the racial-prerequisite cases following Ozawa and Thind. John Biewen: Hey everybody. While the value and protection of whiteness throughout American legal history is Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922); United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 . Refuting its own reasoning in Ozawa . They . With respect to case law, I'll definitely be introducing some cases that traditionally don't get covered, such as the Civil Rights Cases (1883), which gutted the Reconstruction-era Civil Rights Act; Ozawa (1922) and Thind (1923) which both deal with racist definitions of whiteness and immigration policy; Gomillion v. Bhagat Singh Thind . Although it can be said that one belongs to a particular racial group based off his or her background and physical appearance, race is not biological. U.S. Reports: Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922). Justice Sutherland wrote that the lower courts' conclusion that the Japanese were not "free white persons" for purposes of naturalization had become so well established by judicial and executive concurrence and legislative acquiescence that we should not at this late day feel at liberty to disturb it, in the absence of reasons far more cogent than any that have been suggested." Race is defined as a category or group of people having hereditary traits that set them apart. According to a federal statute at the time, citizenship was only available to "free white persons." Decided Nov. 13, 1922. . List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 260, "Ozawa v. United States | Densho Encyclopedia", "1922 Seventy-five Years Ago | AMERICAN HERITAGE", "The Nationality Law (Law No.147 of 1950, as amended by Law No.268 of 1952, Law No.45 of 1984, Law No.89 of 1993 and Law.No.147 of 2004,Law No.88 of 2008) Article 8", "Tokyo court upholds deportation order for Thai teenager born and raised in Japan", Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994, Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996), Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997), American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998), American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000), Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000), Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021), Trump administration family separation policy, U.S. Takao Ozawa v. the United States Supreme Court is Ruled Takao Ozawa *On this date in 1922, the United States Supreme Court ruled on Takao Ozawa v. the United States that Asian-Americans are not white. Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922) People v. Hall, 4 Cal. Takao Ozawa was a Japanese immigrant who challenged the definition of a "free white person" after applying for citizenship in Hawaii in 1914. 133 Oct. 3-4, 1922 The court hears oral argument on the matter. Korematsu v. United States, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on December 18, 1944, upheld (6-3) the conviction of Fred Korematsua son of Japanese immigrants who was born in Oakland, Californiafor having violated an exclusion order requiring him to submit to forced relocation during World War II. 1. Ultimately, it is an individual's personal responsibly to determine their outcome. Contradictory to Ozawas case, in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, science and common knowledge were not associated with one another. On Thursday, May 23, 2019, AABANY and SABANY co-sponsored a trial reenactment of two Supreme Court cases, Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922), and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) at the Ceremonial Courtroom in 225 Cadman Plaza, Brooklyn. Despite his US education, Ozawa did not get his citizenship easily. D in the United States. In practice, it can be by parentage and not by descent.[8][9]. Ozawa v. United States. williamsburg greek orthodox church fish fry; churro cart rental bay area; where to find geodes near alabama; ca dmv late registration fee calculator. the two changes which the committee has recommended in the principles controlling in naturalization matters and which are embodied in the bill submitted herewith are as follows: first, the requirement that before an alien can be naturalized he must be able to read, either in his own language or in the english language and to speak or understand Article II provides that only a natural-born citizen of the United States, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, may be President, and thus assumes that some people have national citizenship. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson v. Memphis & Charleston Railroad, would go all the way up to the Supreme Court. [2] The case allowed for anti-Japanese proponents to justify the passing of the Immigration Act of 1924, which prohibited the immigration of people from Asia to the United States. Like Thind, Ozawa also lost his case in an unanimous decision, because, as Justice George Sutherland concluded: "the term 'white person' is confined to persons of the Caucasian Race." 1. Readings include selected chapters in Lopez's White By Law, Ngai's Impossible Subjects and the Supreme Court's Wong Kim Ark, Ozawa and Thind decisions. In 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Takao Ozawa v.United States) that Japanese people were not "white," because even though they had white skin, "whiteness" really meant "Caucasian," an anthropological designation.. Race is normally about the eyes, hair . The trials of Thind and Ozawa emphasize the parallel emergence of whiteness as an identity and . United States was a Supreme Court case that was decided on December 18, 1944, at the end of World War II. Contradicting the logic behind its ruling in Ozawa v. U.S., the Supreme Court found that Bhagat Singh Thind was also ineligible for View the full answer Transcribed image text : Describe the two Supreme Court cases regarding Asian Immigration: Ozawa v. The Civil Rights Movement. Section 2169 of the Revised Statutes, which is part of Title XXX dealing with naturalization, and which declares: "The provisions of this Title shall apply to aliens, being free white persons, and to aliens of African nativity and to . Instead, they saw each individual as their own, with no relations to another country. Ozawa's petition for citizenship was denied on . Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit . When an enslaved person petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for his freedom, the Court ruled against himalso ruling that the Bill of Rights didn't apply to Black . ozawa and thind cases outcome. In addition, he married a Japanese woman who had also went through schooling in the U. Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922) People v. Hall, 4 Cal. Ultimately, it is an individual's personal responsibly to determine their outcome. The Civil Rights Movement. When reviewing Ozawas case, the court referred to the original framers for guidance on how to approach the case. To students to prepare for discussions, Show this lesson's video clip Instruct the students to read this lesson's essay. To students to prepare for discussions, Show this lesson's video clip Instruct the students to read this lesson's essay. Thind was a naturalized citizen who first entered the United States in 1913 and served in the U.S. armed forces during World War I. As the paper is considered a living statement, AAA members', other anthropologists', and public comments are invited. Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education, Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. Only months before the Court heard Thind's case, it had ruled against Takao Ozawa, a Japanese immigrant who sued for his right to naturalize based on his beliefs and values, which he argued were as "American" as any white man's. 16 February 2020 Over the last month, there have been many protests by non-resident Indians (NRIs) in the United States in Austin, New York, Houston, San Francisco, Dublin (Ohio) and Seattle. In United States v. The story of Bhagat Singh Thind, and also of Takao Ozawa - Asian immigrants who, in the 1920s, sought to convince the U.S. Supreme Court that they were white in order to gain American citizenship. [2] While in Hawaii, he married a Japanese woman with whom he had two children. This case could bring about the end of . Thind's "bargain with white supremacy," and the deeply revealing results. Deseree Southard 02/26/2022 WRITING 1 Cases of Race In 1922 Ozawa, an Asian American, attempted to argue that "whiteness" should be based on the skin color of one ' s complexion. Race: The Power of an Illusion comments on racialized citizenship through the examples of Ozawa v. United States and the resulting case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Ozawa's case provided hope for Indian American Bhagat Singh Thind's citizenship case. Understanding Racism. Although Thindwas racially white, the Supreme Court found that he would not be considered white in the eyes of the common man, despite scientific race categories, and was therefore also ineligible for citizenship. A grounded theory study was employed to identify the conditions contributing to the core phenomenon of Asian American activists (N = 25) mobilizing toward thick solidarity with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in 2020. Caucasian is a conventional word of much flexibility, as a study of the literature dealing with racial questions will disclose, and while it and the words white persons are treated as synonymous for the purposes of that case, they are not of identical meaning. They made the claim that classifying Thind as Caucasian was insignificant, if Thind was not white. 323 US 214 (1944), is now widely regarded as reaching an indefensible outcome, but doing so in a way that ultimately proved to be of . Furthermore, it can be seen that race remains socially construct as the classification of race had been determined by physical characteristics, rather than scientific human knowledge or human relations of the applicants. 2. Takao Ozawa was determined. Thind, relying on the Ozawa case rationale, used anthropological texts and studies to argue that he was from North India, the original home of the Aryan conquerors, and so that meant he was of Caucasian descent. Following on the Ozawa case, in which a Japanese American plaintiff had been denied citizenship on the grounds that although he might be white, he was not Caucasian, Thind's lawyers argued that as a high-caste Hindu of the Aryan race from north India, Thind was of Caucasian . In the case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (decided in 1923), Thind, who had immigrated to the U.S. in 1913 to attend UC-Berkeley and fought in the U.S. Army in World War I, also claimed the right to citizenship by trying to convince the Supreme Court that "high-caste Hindus" should qualify as "free white persons." The claims made by the Supreme court in both the Ozawa vs. United States and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind case are found to contradict one another. The court ruled that Japanese people were not of the Caucasian race in ordinary usage, and would . According to a federal statute at the time, citizenship was only available to "free white persons." For this activity ask students pay attention to the two cases: Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922) and Bhagat Singh Thind v. United States (1923). The next year, in 1923, the same court ruled (in . Further . Now, as "aliens ineligible for citizenship," many growers were unable to purchase or even lease land to stay in business. 'It is not enough to say that this particular case was not in the mind of the convention, when the article was framed, nor of the American people, when it was adopted. Matthew Jacobson: Ozawa and Thind Court Cases-Ozawa: Japanese suing to be a citizen, doesn't get it because he's not caucasian, supreme court used science to say he's not a citizen-Thind: Indian, scientifically considered caucasian, court decided that science doesn't matter if you're not white . Decided February 19, 1923 Both of these cases prove that race and skin color DO NOT . City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank, Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozawa_v._United_States&oldid=1129298970, History of civil rights in the United States, History of immigration to the United States, United States immigration and naturalization case law, United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Bhagat Singh Thind. Ultimately, it is an individual's personal responsibly to determine their outcome. Although Ozawa was considered white, he was not scientifically considered as belonging to the Caucasian race which led to the courts decision that Ozawa would have to be considered Caucasian and white in order to gain citizenship. Argued October 3, 4, 1922. Najour- "Just because you have dark skin does not mean you are non-White". The Ozawa case is a striking example of how whiteness was used as a defining factor of someone's worthiness to be American. . The Ozawa case is a striking example of how whiteness was used as a defining factor of someone's worthiness to be American. Takao Ozawa was born in Japan in 1875, and immigrated to San Francisco in 1894.var cid='9687976154';var pid='ca-pub-3243264408777652';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-box-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2002%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.style.maxHeight=container.style.minHeight+'px';container.style.maxWidth=container.style.minWidth+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});var cid='9687976154';var pid='ca-pub-3243264408777652';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-box-3-0_1';var ffid=2;var alS=2002%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.style.maxHeight=container.style.minHeight+'px';container.style.maxWidth=container.style.minWidth+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});.box-3-multi-104{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. All rights reserved. Carrie Buck was a "feeble minded woman" who was committed to a state mental institution. NARRATOR: For the Japanese community, the verdicts in the Ozawa and Thind cases were equally devastating. Remember Me Poem By Margaret Mead, Only three months after Ozawa, the Court took up the case of Bhagat Singh Thind, a South Asian immigrant and U.S. Army veteran, who petitioned for citizenship on the grounds that Indians were of. He was honorably discharged in 1918. Thind v. United States (1923) Summary Contradicting the logic behind its ruling in Ozawa v. U.S., the Supreme Court found that Bhagat Singh Thind was also ineligible for citizenship even though as an Asian Indian, he would have been categorized as Aryan or caucasian, according the the prevailing racial science of the time. Takao Ozawa v. the United States Supreme Court is Ruled Takao Ozawa *On this date in 1922, the United States Supreme Court ruled on Takao Ozawa v. the United States that Asian-Americans are not white. Where in the text does the court justify its decision? Takao Ozawa was determined. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled against Ozawa, declaring that White was synonymous with "what is properly known as the Caucasian race," a classification that Japanese did not fall under. Essay On The House We Live In. Facts presented in court and in everyday life are important, and our role is important that we try our best to tell the truth to seek a just outcome to peoples' unreasonable behavior. In 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Takao Ozawa v.United States) that Japanese people were not "white," because even though they had white skin, "whiteness" really meant "Caucasian," an anthropological designation.. He acknowledged that despite immigrating from Japan, he began and lived his life in the United States and should by no other means be considered anything other than white.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-105{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Working in an Oregon lumber mill he paid his way through University of California, Berkeley and enlisted in the United States Army in 1917, when the United States entered World War I. Contradicting the logic behind its ruling in Ozawa v. U.S., the Supreme Court found that Bhagat Singh Thind was also ineligible for View the full answer Transcribed image text : Describe the two Supreme Court cases regarding Asian Immigration: Ozawa v. He was 19 when he left Japan, the land of his birth, and never returned. He was 19 when he left Japan, the land of his birth, and never returned. . Contradictory to previous claims made by the court such as those made in Ozawas case hearing, Thind was seen as being Caucasian, but was not classified as being white. This goes beyond race, social class, and culture. how many bundles are in a presidential shingle square; people's court bailiff salary; mamma mia 3 patrick dempsey.