public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

Station licensees, as the trustees of the publics airwaves, must use the broadcast medium to serve the public interest. The descriptions are inserted into natural pauses in a programs dialogue and are designed to make TV programming more accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Sources of funding also include on-air and online pledge drives and the sale of underwriting "spots" (typically running 1530 seconds) to sponsors. declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination. Applications to Build New Stations: Length of the License Period. Profane material also is protected by the First Amendment so its broadcast cannot be outlawed entirely. These reports must be filed electronically with the FCC annually and placed in each stations online public inspection file, which can be viewed on the FCCs website at https://publicfiles.fcc.gov. Libertarianism is a political ideology that emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government. In 1932, the year FDR was first elected president, the two primary broadcasting companies, NBC and CBS, were well established. Equal Opportunities While NOAA Weather Radio has individual terrestrial repeaters across the United States (albeit on a special band reserved for such broadcasts), WWV, VOA and others operate from single shortwave facilities; none of these services can be heard on the AM or FM bands most common on U.S. radio. Viewing the Public Inspection File Rather, a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations license renewal application must either be filed electronically in the FCCs electronic database for that application, or by mail. Once the application is received, the FCC will issue a Public Notice and begin a 30-day period during which petitions to deny the application can be filed. Which media content is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission FCC )? The station licensee knew that the information was false; Broadcasting the false information directly causes substantial public harm; and. On the whole, the news offerings of U.S. public broadcasters have been marked by relative financial stability and audience. Closed captioning is a technology designed to provide access to television programming by persons with hearing disabilities by displaying, in text form, the audio portion of a broadcast, as well as descriptions of background noise and sound effects. To be obscene, the material must have all of the following three characteristics: Indecent Material. Explore the patterns and longitudinal data about public broadcasting below. These requirements also apply to video clips that a video programming provider or distributor posts on its website or application, if the provider or distributor showed the video clip on television with captions. Host Selling During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court. We release a document called a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) in which we explain the new rules or rule changes being proposed and establish a filing deadline for the public to comment. For many stations, these records are maintained in a public insprction file that must contain documents relevant to the station's operation and dealings with the community and the FCC. Instructions for filing informal objections can be found at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/filing-informal-complaint. Educational and Informational. Digital Radio. The V-Chip and TV Program Ratings. How to File a Loud Commercial Complaint The First Amendment, as well as Section 326 of the Communications Act, prohibits the Commission from censoring broadcast material and from interfering with freedom of expression in broadcasting. Lowest Unit Charge To assist us in this evaluative process, a station licensee must file a renewal application (FCC Form 303-S), to tell us whether: Digital Television. Specifically, acknowledgements may not contain comparative or qualitative descriptions, price information, calls to action, or inducements to buy, sell, rent, or lease. Serving under the Commissioners are a number of Offices and operating Bureaus. It enables parents to identify programming containing sexual, violent, or other content that they believe may be harmful to their children. We can: You can find information about how to file comments in our rulemaking proceedings by selecting https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/how-comment. Phone: (20) 418-2700 This will help those involved in the selection of advertising material to become better informed about audience opinion. There are three applications of this separation principle: 1) bumpers between program and advertising content (e.g., and now for a commercial break); 2) the host selling policy, which prohibits the use of program talent to deliver commercials; and 3) program-length commercials (PLC), which the Commission defines as a program associated with a product in which commercials for that product are aired (when a PLC occurs, then the entire program is considered a commercial). E. Profits are removed as a market incentive when markets become efficient. Regardless of whether it is effective, the broadcast of subliminal material is inconsistent with a station's obligation to serve the public interest because it is designed to be deceptive. Relying upon the reasoning in that decision, the FCC and the United States Department of Justice later concluded that the lottery advertising prohibition may not constitutionally be applied to the broadcast of any truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling, whether or not the state in which the broadcasting station is located permits casino gambling. Stations must renew their licenses before they expire. The Commission has defined this program matter to include language that is both so grossly offensive to members of the public who actually hear it as to amount to a nuisance and is sexual or excretory in nature or derived from such terms. The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. The First Amendment and the Communications Act expressly prohibit the Commission from censoring broadcast matter. Many types of contests, depending on their particulars, also are covered under this definition. The goal of this policy is to help children distinguish between commercials and program content. In 2016, the Commission continued its modernization effort by requiring that broadcast radio licensees also post their public file documents to the FCC-hosted online public file. In response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Supreme Court. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica Radio, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System (PRSS). Programming Inciting Imminent Lawless Action.The Supreme Court has ruled that the government can curtail speech if it is both: (1) intended to incite or produce imminent lawless action; and (2) likely to incite or produce such action. Even when this legal test is met, any review that might lead to a curtailment of speech is generally performed by the appropriate criminal law enforcement authorities, not by the FCC. Hoaxes. For additional information about the sponsorship identification and payola rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules. The Federal Trade Commission has primary responsibility for determining whether an advertisement is false or deceptive and for taking action against the sponsor. It thus has a certain flexibility in a time of great change. For example, stations should provide the complaining party with diagrams and descriptions that explain how and where to use radio frequency chokes, ferrite cores, filters, and/or shielded cable. The file must also include the reconciliation of the deal such as a description of when advertising actually aired, advertising preempted, and the timing of any make-goods of preempted time, as well as credits or rebates given to the advertiser. [19] PBS would later acquire Educational Television Stations, an organization founded by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), in 1973.[20][21][22]. Contents of the File. . The Childrens Television Act of 1990 (CTA) imposes two requirements on television broadcasters relating to children's video programming: Commercial Limits. C. Mispriced securities are common in efficient markets. To receive the digital signals of stations that choose to operate in digital, consumers will have to purchase new receivers. For purposes of the commercial limits, commercial matter is airtime sold for purposes of selling a product or service and promotions of television programs or video programming services other than childrens or other age-appropriate programming appearing on the same channel, or promotions for childrens educational and informational programming appearing on any channel. Efficient markets limit competition. However, the courts have upheld Congress' prohibition of the broadcast of indecent material during times of the day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience, which the Commission has determined to be between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Indecent programming is defined as language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activities. Broadcasts that fall within this definition and are aired between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. may be subject to enforcement action by the FCC. Program owners must send program files to distributors and providers with all required captions and use an agreed upon mechanism to inform the distributors and providers of the programming that is subject to the requirements. Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically reports on the narrowest range of topics and provides the least depth of news coverage Module 13: developmental issues, prenatal dev, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, English Crimes and Punishments -2015-11-19-12, Spanish-American War, Progressive Movement. FCC Authorizations In addition, effective technical assistance also includes recommending replacement equipment that would work better in high radio frequency fields. We at the FCC want you to become involved, if you have any concerns about a local station including its general operation, programming or other matters by making your opinion known to the licensee and, if necessary, by advising us of those concerns so that we can take appropriate action. Video Description [12][13], The passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was modeled in part after a 1965 study on educational television by the Carnegie Corporation of New York precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. This is called "blanketing" interference. Not until State v. Rules Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries; the . Profane Material. In light of their discretion to formulate their programming, station licensees are not required to broadcast everything that is offered or otherwise suggested to them. Applications for License Renewal In the United States, for most of the history of broadcasting, there were only three or four major commercial national terrestrial networks. The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage. The rules also provide certain exemptions from the captioning requirements. Once techniques were perfected, radio became a necessity for military and commercial users alike. receive funding from the public thru license fees, subsidies, or taxes. However, the advertising of smoking accessories, cigars, pipes, pipe tobacco, or cigarette-making machines is not prohibited. While the intention of the act was to develop public television and radio, a revision of the bill had removed all mention of radio from the original text; Michigan Senator Robert Griffin suggested changing the name of what was to be called the Public Television Act, and last-minute changes were subsequently made to the bill (with references incorporating radio into the bill being re-added with Scotch Tape) before the law was passed by Congress and signed by Johnson.[14][15]. All television sets with screens 13 inches or larger manufactured since mid-1993, including digital sets, have built-in decoder circuitry. It was foreseeable that broadcasting the false information would cause such harm. Which of the following statements best describes current controversies about immigration among conservatives? the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction. Washington, D.C. 20554 The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 chartered a new national, but theoretically nongovernmental, agencythe Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). PBS also took over the rights to certain programs that originated on NET prior to its disestablishment (such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Washington Week in Review and Sesame Street, the latter two of which continue to air on PBS to this day). The NPR News app, which offers livestreams from individual stations and digital content, increased sharply in completed sessions among iPhone users. In the United States the first regularly schedul Television, At the same time radio began to achieve commercial viability in the 1920s, the United States and Britain began experimenting with "television," the w National Broadcasting Company Inc, National Broadcasting Company . At the national level, NPRs total operating revenue in 2020 was $270.1 million, roughly the same as 2019. (Further data on podcasting is available in a separate fact sheet. Separate from the commercial limits, since 1974 the Commission has also required that advertising in childrens programs be clearly separated from program content. Public broadcasting is defined as a meeting place where all citizens are welcome and considered equals. As with DTV, digital radio substantially improves the quality of the radio signal and allows a station to offer multicasting over several programming streams, as well as certain enhanced services. The Commissions rules impose certain obligations on licensees to resolve these interference complaints. It may also include any additional community or communities, as long as it first names the community to which it is licensed by the FCC. IntroductionThe FCC And Its Regulatory Authority If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be in violation of the Issues/Programs Lists Once its application has been granted, the applicant is issued a construction permit that authorizes it to build the station within a specified period of time, usually three years. Around these distributed programs, stations fill in varying amounts of local and other programming. The number of member organizations flagship educational and community organizations that operate at least one station stood at 254, down 4% from the previous year. Sponsorship Identification - Political Matter and Controversial Issues of Public Importance Commercial television broadcast licensees must limit the amount of commercial matter that may be aired during childrens programs to not more than 10.5 minutes per hour on weekends and not more than 12 minutes per hour on weekdays. Closed Captioning. The reconciliation information need not be placed in the file, immediately, but the broadcaster must identify a person or persons at the station capable of informing an advertiser of the details of any reconciliation information. Indecent and profane content are prohibited on broadcast TV and radio between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience. The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of the newspaper industry's realization that the best way to make a profit was to not alienate potential readers who held liberal or conservative political views. Renewal applications are due on a staggered basis depending upon the state in which the station is licensed. Additional information concerning the EEO rules is available at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/eeo-rules-and-policies-radio-and-broadcast-and-non-broadcast-tv. Networks, broadcasters, and subscription TV systems may provide information about the availability of programs with audio description through their websites and in program guides. The first slaves were brought to what would become the United States in ________. Class A television, low power television and television translator stations are neither designated commercial or NCE. Each commercial full power and Class A station must keep a copy of its decision in the public file for the three-year period to which it pertains. We urge you to make use of the resources contained on this site, which may outline more recent developments in the law not discussed in the current version of this Manual. Opposition to legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________, while support for legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president. A station that broadcasts or advertises information about a contest that it conducts must fully and accurately disclose the material terms of the contest and must conduct the contest substantially as announced or advertised over-the-air or on the Internet. The public can determine whether they are within a stations blanketing contour by consulting contour maps in the stations public inspection file to see if they reside in close proximity to the offending stations transmitter site. Adopt a modified version of some or all of the proposed rules; Ask for public comment on additional issues relating to the proposals; or. C. reports extensively on government officials and political issues. One of those is the Media Bureau, which has day-to-day responsibility for developing, recommending, and administering the rules governing the media, including radio and television stations. It is not a comprehensive or controlling statement of the FCCs broadcast rules and policies. Digital subscription models in which people pay to access news content has proven to be a profitable approach for many elite, national newspapers but not for smaller or mid-sized local newspapers. there is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States. Purpose of the File. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, Broad agreement in U.S. even among partisans on which news outlets are part of the mainstream media, How Americans Navigated the News in 2020: A Tumultuous Year in Review, Measuring News Consumption in a Digital Era, Americans main sources for political news vary by party and age, U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided, All stations (member and nonmember) airing NPR programming. The broadcast by a station of false information concerning a crime or catastrophe violates the FCC's rules if: In this context, a crime is an act or omission that makes the offender subject to criminal punishment by law, and a catastrophe is a disaster or an imminent disaster involving violent or sudden events affecting the public. Virtually all licensees and permittees of TV and radio stations and applicants for new broadcast stations are required to maintain records that must be made available for public inspection. These methods include open captioning, crawls, or scrolls that appear on the screen. a small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country's television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites. Once the FCC grants the application, the permittee becomes a licensee, which authorizes the new licensee to operate for a stated period of time, up to eight years. This Manual is published by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the federal agency directed by Congress to regulate broadcasting. Complaints about interference involving radio stations are handled by the Media Bureaus Audio Division. However, federal law prohibits fraud by wire, radio or television including situations in which money solicited for one purpose is used for another and doing so may lead to FCC sanctions, as well as to criminal prosecution by the U.S. Department of Justice. Before you file a petition to deny an application, you should check our rules and policies to make sure that your petition complies with our procedural requirements. Use of high gain antennas or antenna booster amplifiers; Mobile receivers, including but not limited to car radios, portable stereos or cellular phones; Non-radio frequency (RF) devices, including but not limited to, tape recorders, CD players, MP3 players or land-line telephones; and. Children's Television Programming Reports No federal law prohibits the broadcast by stations of requests for funds for legal purposes (including appeals by stations for contributions to meet their operating expenses), if the money or other contributions are used for the announced purposes. The FCC reviews EEO compliance at the time it considers the station renewal application, when it reviews public file reports at the mid-point of license terms, when it receives EEO complaints, and during random station audits. Additional information about the Commissions Offices and Bureaus, including their respective functions, can be found on our website by selecting Browse by Bureaus and Offices at https://www.fcc.gov/. The programming must further the educational and informational needs of children 16 years old and under (this includes their intellectual/cognitive or social/emotional needs). News and public affairs programs include PBS NewsHour, Frontline, and Washington Week. Commercial Limits Email address: [email protected]. The Commission recognizes that, under our Constitution, people must be free to say things that the majority may abhor, not only what most people may find tolerable or congenial. Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. Program-by-program funding creates the potential for conflict-of-interest situations, which must be weighed program by program under standards such as the guidelines established by PBS. Contest descriptions may not be false, misleading, or deceptive with respect to any material term. In the United States, other than a few direct services, public broadcasting is almost entirely decentralized and is not operated by the government, but does receive some government support. Before its expiration, each station licensee must broadcast a series of announcements stating when its license expires, the filing date for the renewal application, the date by which formal petitions against the renewal must be filed, and how to obtain a copy of the application. Music stations are probably best known for playing classical music, although other formats are offered, including the time-honored "eclectic" music format that is rather freeform in nature common among college radio stations. Other articles where Radio Act is discussed: radio: The need for regulation: was accomplished with the landmark Radio Act of 1927. Public radio and television stations often produce their own programs as well as purchase additional programming from national producers and program distributors such as NPR, PBS, Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Television (APT), American Public Media (APM), and Public Radio Exchange (PRX). The organization has a digital operation as well. although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story. Offensive Advertising In this regard, the Commission has observed that the public interest is best served by permitting free expression of views. However, the right to broadcast material is not absolute. Of the 354 PBS members currently operating as of 2017[update] (which account for 97% of the 365 public television stations in the U.S.), roughly half belong to one of 40 state or regional networks, which carry programming fed by a parent station to a network of satellite transmitters throughout the entirety or a sub-region of an individual state; this model is also used by some public radio station groups (mainly those co-owned with a PBS member network). The Commission will upload to the online file itself any document required to be retained in the file that also must be filed electronically with the Commission. Lotteries conducted as a promotional activity by commercial organizations that are clearly occasional and ancillary to the primary business of that organization, as long as the lotteries are authorized or not otherwise prohibited by the state in which they are conducted. In 2004, the FCC expanded the V-Chip requirement to apply also to devices that do not have a display screen but are used with a TV set, such as a VCR. Total revenue for NPR and PRX NPR PRX Chart Data Share Embed https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest. Additional information on the IP closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website, https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-delivered-using-internet-protocol-ip. A political ideology is best defined as a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government. Some program guides may use the symbol (D) to indicate that the program is audio described. The FCC does not regulate the volume of radio programming, including commercials. Access to Emergency Information Loud Commercials. It is not necessary to retain any of the materials relating to the negotiation between the parties to reach the disposition. In 2020, 927 stations were airing programming from PRX, roughly the same as in 2019. Licensee Discretion. Support for freedom of speech, a free internet, and the press is higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world. The Federal Trade Commission has primary responsibility for determining whether an advertisement is false or deceptive and for taking action against the sponsor. We give full consideration to the broadcast complaints, comments, and other inquiries that the Commission receives. Support for continuing CPB funding by liberals, independents and many conservatives in Congress has led to many of these efforts being defeated at the federal level, although there have been successful attempts to reduce though not eliminate funding for public television stations by some state legislatures. Other Types of ApplicationsBroadcast Programming: Basic Law and Policy Accessible User Interfaces. The Radio Act of 1927 allowed major networks such as CBS and NBC to gain a 70 percent share of U.S. broadcasting by the early 1930s, earning them $72 million in profits by 1934 (McChesney, 1992). The Communications Act and the Commissions rules require television station licensees to broadcast certain information that makes viewing more accessible to people with disabilities. "Affective intelligence" refers to the fact that individuals will often quickly form opinions in response to current events by using their emotions as a guide. Employment Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO") All Class A television stations began operating digitally in 2015. Time Brokerage Agreements Applications for License Renewal. Display of Internet Website Addresses Soliciting Funds What about cable, satellite TV and satellite radio? a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights.