rajatarangini was translated into persian by

His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Established the city of. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Sanskrit View Answer He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Verse 7. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. 2011 Duke University Press The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The relative orders. . The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Abstract. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Verse 7. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Total loading time: 0 His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. section. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Answer. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. field of Asian Studies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". How long is MOT certificate normally valid? It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Son of Ajitapida. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Rajatarangini/Original languages Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Nephew of Didda. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. (I.191) He belonged to. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Hence the correct answer is Option B. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. How do people make money on survival on Mars? The Loharas ruled for many generations. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Sussala's son. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Verse 15. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. 1 Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. He subdued several enemies. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. university presses. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Translations. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. . He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Turn on. After that, the English translation. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Answer. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Deposed by the minister Shura. "useRatesEcommerce": false Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. . According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. [citation needed]. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. . The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Devout Shaivite. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Gave lands to Brahmins. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Has data issue: true Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. They cannot be abusive or personal. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. translator of the Rajataragini. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Answer. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below).